Pearson BTEC National Applied Psychology Book 1

Content areas A and B Multiple-choice questions Overview of four approaches . The computer analogy is an assumption of the: (a) Biological approach. (b) Social approach. (c) Cognitive approach. (d) Learning approach. . An assumption of the social approach is: (a) Information processing. (b) Classical conditioning. (c) Behaviour is affected by culture. (d) The role of neurochemistry. . The learning approach involves: (a) Observation and imitation. (b) The role of genes. (c) The role of the nervous system. (d) Input-processing-output. . ‘Behaviour evolves through natural selection’ is an assumption of the: (a) Social approach. (b) Learning approach. (c) Cognitive approach. (d) Biological approach. Reconstructive memory / Bartlett . A schema is: (a) An accurate memory. (b) A package of stored knowledge. (c) A physical part of the brain. (d) An inaccurate memory. . Inventing details of a memory is: (a) Shortening. (b) Rationalisation. (c) Fragmenting. (d) Confabulation. . Bartlett’s method was: (a) Serial reconstruction. (b) Serial recording. (c) Serial reupholstering. (d) Serial reproduction. . One weakness of Bartlett’s study was: (a) It was unscienti c. (b) It did not investigate reconstructive memory. (c) It used a familiar story. (d) It was unrealistic. Cognitive priming / Harris et al . . A ‘prime’ is: (a) A later stimulus. (b) The third stimulus. (c) An earlier stimulus. (d) Always visual. . ‘Two stimuli that mean the same thing’ is priming: (a) Repetition. (b) Associative. (c) Script. (d) Semantic. . Harris et al . studied priming in: (a) TV adverts. (b) Children’s books. (c) Magazines. (d) Facebook news feeds. . A study by supports cognitive scripts: (a) Möller and Krahé. (b) Möller and Harris. (c) Harris and Krahé. (d) Morris and Krahé. Cognitive biases / Lo us and Palmer . ‘Noticing things that support your current beliefs’ is: (a) Con rmation bias. (b) Fundamental attribution error. (c) Hostile attribution bias. (d) Logical error bias. . Assuming someone trod on your foot deliberately is an example of: (a) Con rmation bias. (b) Irrational thinking bias. (c) Hostile attribution bias. (d) Social interaction bias. . The highest speed estimate in Lo us and Palmer’s study was for: (a) Hit. (b) Contacted. (c) Smashed. (d) Crashed. . The fundamental attribution error is found: (a) In every culture. (b) In cultures like China. (c) Mainly in individualist cultures. (d) When people believe behaviour is caused by situational factors. Conformity / Asch . We agree with the group to avoid rejection: (a) Conformative social in uence. (b) Normative social in uence. (c) Informational social in uence. (d) Performative social in uence. . Informational social in uence is: (a) An emotional process. (b) A cognitive process. (c) Unlikely in new situations. (d) Rare when an expert is present. . Asch’s overall conformity rate was (a) 36.8%. (b) 25%. (c) 75%. (d) 63.2%. . Asch’s ndings apply: (a) To males and females. (b) To all cultures. (c) Only to females. (d) Only to individualist cultures. Types of conformity / Haney et al . . Three types of conformity were identi ed by: (a) Sherif. (b) Asch. (c) Zimbardo. (d) Kelman. . A permanent type of conformity is: (a) Compliance. (b) Internalisation. (c) Identi cation. (d) Normative social in uence. . The study by Haney et al . illustrates: (a) Identi cation. (b) Internalisation. (c) Compliance. (d) The role of personality. . Fromm argued that the types of conformity: (a) Are extremely powerful. (b) Ignore the role of the situation. (c) Are not equally important. (d) Don’t affect behaviour much. Social categorisation / Chatard et al . . Stereotypes are: (a) A form of social categorisation. (b) Flexible. (c) Nearly always accurate. (d) Caused by genes. . Stereotypes: (a) Can lead to prejudice. (b) Increase cognitive processing effort. (c) Are always negative. (d) Cannot be explained by social learning theory. . Chatard et al . found that: (a) Boys were better at maths than girls. (b) Boys underestimated their marks in arts subjects. (c) Gender stereotypes can affect memory. (d) Girls overestimated their marks in maths. . One weakness of the key study is that it may have been affected by: (a) Gender stereotypes. (b) Participants’ expectations. (c) Racist stereotypes. (d) Participants’ career choices. Classical conditioning / Watson and Rayner . In Pavlov’s studies, food was the: (a) Unconditioned response. (b) Conditioned stimulus. (c) Unconditioned stimulus. (d) Neutral stimulus. . A er conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the: (a) Unconditioned stimulus. (b) Conditioned stimulus. (c) Conditioned response. (d) Unconditioned response. . Little Albert learned a fear response to: (a) A loud noise. (b) The sound of a bell. (c) Several uffy white objects. (d) Just a white rat. . One strength of the key study was: (a) It used just one participant. (b) Little Albert was an unusual child. (c) It had good experimental controls. (d) The ndings were generalisable. Operant conditioning / Skinner . A behaviour followed by a pleasant consequence: (a) Negative punishment. (b) Positive punishment. (c) Negative reinforcement. (d) Positive reinforcement. . Grounding someone for bad behaviour is an example of: (a) Positive reinforcement. (b) Negative punishment. (c) Positive punishment. (d) Negative reinforcement . Skinner studied in a . (a) Rats, cage. (b) Pigeons, Skinner box. (c) Mice, cage. (d) Rats, Skinner box. . Chase et al . found: (a) Brain areas associated with reinforcement. (b) Operant conditioning cannot explain learning. (c) Negative reinforcement does not exist. (d) Reinforcement can explain phobias. Social learning theory / Bandura et al . . In the context of SLT, a model is: (a) Someone who wears other people’s clothes. (b) Someone who is observed performing a behaviour. (c) A small version of the real thing. (d) Made out of plasticine. . Vicarious reinforcement: (a) Occurs without observation. (b) Is a direct form of learning. (c) Makes imitation more likely. (d) Is another term for negative reinforcement. . In Bandura’s study, imitation was most likely: (a) When the observer was female and the model was male. (b) In the control group. (c) When the model and observer were the same sex. (d) When the model was not aggressive. . SLT: (a) Is a complete explanation of aggressive behaviour. (b) Cannot explain ndings from studies of identical twins. (c) Does not explain animal behaviour. (d) Is supported by Kendler et al .’s study. In uence of biology on behaviour / Genes . Neurotransmitters are examples of: (a) Neuroanatomy. (b) Evolutionary psychology. (c) Neurochemistry. (d) Genes. . How genes are expressed in behaviour and characteristics is: (a) Genotype. (b) Mainly environmental. (c) Entirely genetic. (d) Phenotype. . The SRY gene plays a role in: (a) Development of a male embryo. (b) Production of female hormones. (c) The X chromosome. (d) Development of ovaries. . The genotype/phenotype distinction emphasises: (a) Interaction between nature and nurture. (b) Nature. (c) Nurture. (d) Environment. Neuroanatomy / Harlow . Fine movements are controlled by: (a) The motor area. (b) The somatosensory area. (c) The visual area. (d) The thalamus. . On average, is bigger in females: (a) The brain. (b) The right hemisphere. (c) The le hemisphere. (d) The thalamus. . Phineas Gage’s intellectual ability was: (a) Greater a er his accident. (b) Impaired by the accident but not lost. (c) Nonexistent a erwards. (d) The same as it was before. . Which is the most accurate statement about the brains of men and women? (a) They function very differently. (b) There are some structural differences. (c) There are major structural differences. (d) Men’s brains have stronger connections between hemispheres. Neurochemistry / Deady et al . . The gap between nerve cells is a: (a) Gene. (b) Neuron. (c) Neurotransmitter. (d) Synapse. . The main female sex hormone is: (a) Testosterone. (b) Serotonin. (c) Oestrogen. (d) Adrenaline. . Deady et al . used the: (a) Basic sex-role inventory. (b) Bem sex-role inventory. (c) Brain sex-role inventory. (d) Banned sex-role inventory. . Which statement is most accurate? (a) Testosterone causes strong maternal personality. (b) Testosterone causes weak maternal personality. (c) Several factors in uence maternal personality. (d) Correlation is another term for causation. Evolutionary psychology / Buss et al . . The environment of evolutionary adaptation: (a) Accounts for 10% of our evolutionary history. (b) Was more than 10,000 years ago. (c) Happened just outside Bolton. (d) Has no in uence on behaviour. . The peacock’s tail is best explained by: (a) Sexual selection. (b) Genome lag. (c) Survival of the ttest. (d) Natural selection. . In Buss et al .’s study, what % of women were more distressed by the emotional in delity scenario? (a) 60%. (b) 40%. (c) 17%. (d) 83%. . Pulse rate is: (a) A subjective measure. (b) A psychological measure. (c) Not a measure of distress. (d) An objective measure. MCQ answers Overview of four approaches 1C, 2C, 3A, 4D Reconstructive memory / Bartlett 1B, 2D, 3D, 4A Cognitive priming / Harris et al. 1C, 2D, 3A, 4A Cognitive biases / Lo us and Palmer 1A, 2C, 3C, 4C Conformity / Asch 1B, 2B, 3A, 4D Types of conformity / Haney et al. 1D, 2B, 3A, 4D Social categorisation / Chatard et al. 1A, 2A, 3C, 4B Classical conditioning / Watson and Rayner 1C, 2B, 3C, 4C Operant conditioning / Skinner 1D, 2B, 3D, 4A Social learning theory / Bandura et al. 1B, 2C, 3C, 4B In uence of biology on behaviour / Genes 1C, 2D, 3A, 4A Neuroanatomy / Harlow 1A, 2D, 3B, 4B Neurochemistry / Deady et al. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4C Evolutionary psychology / Buss et al. 1B, 2A, 3D, 4D 40 41 Unit 1: Psychological approaches and applications