Eduqas Physics for A Level Year 2: Student Bk

Published in 2016 by Illuminate Publishing Ltd, P.O Box 1160, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire GL50 9RW Orders: Please visit www.illuminatepublishing.com or email sales@illuminatepublishing.com © Gareth Kelly, Nigel Wood The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-908682-59-8 Printed by Cambrian printers, Aberystwyth 09.16 The publisher’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material reproduced in this book. If notified, the publishers will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. This material has been endorsed by WJEC Eduqas and offers high quality support for the delivery of WJEC Eduqas qualifications. While this material has been through a WJEC Eduqas quality assurance process, all responsibility for the content remains with the publisher. WJEC Eduqas examination questions are reproduced by permission from WJEC Eduqas Editor: Geoff Tuttle Design: Nigel Harriss Layout: EMC Design Ltd, Bedford Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Keith Jones, for his eagle eyes in spotting mistakes and for his many insightful suggestions. One of the authors (GK) also thanks Penglais school, Aberystwyth, for allowing him the use of a physics laboratory. Major thanks to the long-suffering wives of both authors who had been labouring under the delusion that their partners had retired! Cover Image: © Oliver Hoffmann/Shutterstock Image credits: p.1 Oliver Hoffmann/Shutterstock; p. 10 (top) Christian Bertrand/ Shutterstock; p. 10 (center) Martyn Goddard/Getty; p. 10 (bottom) FAECIASP/NASA/Conicet of Argentina/Getty; p. 14 NASA/Hubble; p. 15 (top) Mim Friday/Alamy, (bottom) deviyanthi79/Shutterstock; p. 17 Tristan3D/Shutterstock; p. 32 (top) Keystone/Getty, (bottom) PlusONE/ Shutterstock; p. 39 Edwin R.Jones, University of South Carolina; p. 51 (right) northallertonman/Shutterstock, (left) W Bradley, Gooder Lane Ironworks, Brighouse/Creative Commons, (center) Alan Levenson/Getty; p. 56 Adam Hart-Davis/Science Photo Library; p. 68 Eric Schrader/Creative Commons; p. 77 miha de/Shutterstock; p. 82 Nigel Wood; p. 85 Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute Of Physics/Science Photo Library; p. 88 Carolina Biological Supply; p. 93 denisk0/iStock; p. 101 Boris15/Shutterstock; p. 106 RGB Ventures/SuperStock/Alamy; p. 107 NASA/CXC/Caltech/M.Muno et al/Creative Commons; p. 108 (top) Stocktrek Images/Alamy, (center) John Vickery and Jim Matthes/Adam Block/NOAO/AURA/NSF, (bottom) DR. Rudolph Schild/Science Photo Library; p. 109 NASA/CXC/Penn State/G. Chartas et al/NASA; p. 114 Javier Lorenzo, University of Alicante; p. 121 (top) Science Photo Library, (bottom) Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge; p. 138 Yury Dmitrienko/Shutterstock; p. 152 Nigel Wood; p. 154 USA Lilbrary Of Congress/Science Photo Library; p. 156 (top) Klinger Educational Products, (bottom) Shin Okamoto/Shutterstock; p. 158 Jean Collombet/Science Photo Library; p. 161 Nigel Wood; p. 165 Nigel Wood; p. 170 Nigel Wood; p. 178 3B Scientific Limited; p. 189 Giphotostock/ Science Photo Library; p. 208 Daniel W. Rickey/Creative Commons; p. 209 (top right) Suttha Burawonk/Shutterstock, (center right) thailoei92/ Shutterstock, (left) thailoei92/Shutterstock, (bottom right) EPSTOCK/ Shutterstock; p. 210 Hank Frentz/Shutterstock; p. 212 Sovereign, ISM/ Science Photo Library; p. 213 (right) Pr Michel Brauner/Science Photo Library, (left) Science Photo Library; p. 215 (top right) Michel Brauner/ISM/ Science Photo Library, (left) SMK4pix/Shutterstock, (right) Michel Brauner/ ISM/Science Photo Library; p. 217 Philippe Plailly/Science Photo Library; p. 219 Brian Bell/Science Photo Library; p. 222 Richard W. Thorpe; p. 223 (top) wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock, (center) stihii/Shutterstock, (bottom) studioloco/Shutterstock; p. 230 epa european pressphoto agency b.v./Alamy; p. 232 DR. Gary Settles/Science Photo Library; p. 233 hiloi/Shutterstock; p. 234 (top) ARENA Creative/Shutterstock, (bottom) Martin Cloutier/ Shutterstock; p. 238 1059SHU/Shutterstock; p. 243 Ken Edwards/Alamy; p. 244 Paul J Martin/Shutterstock; p. 246 Us Department of Energy/Science Photo Library; p. 249 Besto Instruments; p. 275 Falcon Acoustics. llustrations by: Laszlo Veres/Beehive Illustration: pp. 151 (right), 155 (top), 201 (top), 229 (bottom); Mark Duffin: p. 222 (bottom left); EMC: pp. 156 (center left), 160, 219 (top).