Eduqas GCSE Food Preparation and Nutrition: Student Book

243 SECTION 3 MILK, CHEESE AND YOGHURT The average composition of cow milk 0.7% minerals 0.8% vitamins 3.5% protein 3.5‑5% fat 4.8% carbohydrate 85.2–86.4% water The nutritional values of milk Milk is often called a ‘complete food’ because it contains all the indispensable amino acids and many of the essential nutrients that the body requires for bone health. These nutrients are easily absorbed by most people. Milk is an emulsion , meaning it has tiny globules of fat floating around in water. Milk is about 85% water with the remaining 15% made up of the following nutrients: • High biological protein (3.5%) • Calcium • Fat (3.5 - 5%) • Carbohydrate in the form of lactose ( 4.8%) • Water soluble B vitamins • Vitamins A and D – depending on the fat levels • Phosphorus • Sodium • Potassium • Iron and vitamin C (in very low levels). Primary processing of milk Dairy cows need to have given birth to calves before they can start producing milk. Cows are then milked every morning and evening to keep the milk production going. Most cows can produce milk for about three years before being slaughtered for their meat. Cows graze on outdoor pasture where they eat grass, except in the winter when they will be housed in sheds and fed on grass silage , maize and special cattle food. Cows must be milked daily. A dairy cow produces on average 20 litres a day. The milk is collected and stored in holding tanks before being taken to the milk processing plant. All cattle herds are routinely and regularly tested to ensure they are free from disease such as tuberculosis . Key point There is no fibre in milk. Remember - fibre is not found in any animal product. Draw a pie chart to show the percentages of each nutrient found in milk. Activity Cow milk is the most popular milk in the UK Milk Yields and Dairy Cow Numbers Producer Numbers - England &Wales 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900 1,800 7,200 7,000 6,800 6,600 6,400 6,200 6,000 5,800 5,600 5,400 Cow Numbers (Thousand Head) Milk Yields (Litres/Cow/Annum) Average Size of Dairy Herd (Thousand Head) Average Yield (Litres per Cow per Annum) 1995/6 1996/7 1997/8 1998/9 1999/00 2000/1 2001/2 2002/3 2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 19,000 18,000 17,000 16,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12,000 11,000 Apr 02 Aug 02 Dec 02 Apr 03 Aug 03 Dec 03 Apr 04 Aug 04 Dec 04 Apr 05 Aug 05 Dec 05 Apr 06 Aug 06 Dec 06 Apr 07 Aug 07 Dec 07 Apr 08 Aug 08 Dec 08 Apr 09 Aug 09 Dec 09 Apr 10